Cmgt 555

|[pic] |Course Syllabus | | |College of Information Systems & Technology | | |CMGT/555 Version 10 | | |2/19/2013 – 4/1/2013 | | |Systems Analysis and Development | Copyright  © 2010, 2009, 2008, 2006, 2005 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description This course provides a background in analysis and design techniques for business system and application development. Although the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is fundamental to the course, other methodologies and tools are examined from a managerial perspective. PoliciesFaculty and students/learners will be held responsible for understanding and adhering to all policies contained within the following two documents: †¢ University policies: You must be logged into the student website to view this document. †¢ Instructor policies: This document is posted in the Course Materials forum. University policies are subject to change. Be sure to read the policies at the beginning of each class. Pol icies may be slightly different depending on the modality in which you attend class. If you have recently changed modalities, read the policies governing your current class modality. Course Materials Dennis, A. , Wixom, B. H. , & Roth, R. M. (2009). Systems analysis and design (4th ed. ). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Kendall, K. E. , & Kendall, J.E. (2011). Systems analysis and design (8th ed. ). Prentice Hall. Valacich, J. S. , George, J. F. , & Hoffer, J. A. (2009). Essentials of systems analysis and design (4th ed. ). Prentice Hall. Software Microsoft Visio ® (Recommended) Supplemental Resources Element K. (2010). Introduction to Software Life Cycle Models. Element K. (2010). The Fundamentals of Requirements Elicitation (Inquestra) (Part 1 of 8). Element K. (2010). Determining a Project's Objectives (Inquestra) (Part 2 of 8). Element K. (2010). Defining Project Scope (Inquestra) (Part 3 of 8). Element K. (2010). Describing Business Process (Inquestra) (Part 4 of 8). Element K. (2010 ).Determining Information Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 5 of 8). Element K. (2010). Describing Functional Business Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 6 of 8). Element K. (2010). Documenting Requirements Meetings (Inquestra) (Part 7 of 8). Element K. (2010). Eliciting Data Warehouse Requirements (Inquestra) (Part 8 of 8). Article References Bather, M. (2007/2008, December/January). Put your data where your work is. Supply & Demand Chain Executive, 9(1), 22. Brache, A. P. (2008, January). Nine variables affect innovation within today's Enterprise Model. Tooling & Production, 74(1), 16. Chisckowski, E. (2008, November). Built-in security. Baseline, (90), 36-38. Gotterbarn, D. & Miller, K. (2010). Unmasking your software’s ethical risks. IEEE Software, 27(1), 12. Gould, L. S. (2008, January). On-demand ERP is here. Automotive Design & Production, 120(1), 46-48. Grenier, L. (2010). AJAX web development techniques. Faulkner Information Services. Greiner, L. (2010). ASP. net architectu re. Faulkner Information Services. Grenier, L. (2010). Java-based application development technology. Faulkner Information Services. Grenier, L. (2009). Outsourcing the Enterprise development project. Faulkner Information Services. Hugos, M. H. (2008, January 7). Calling on IT to do the impossible. Computerworld, 42(2), 21. Nicolaisen, N. (2010).Choosing mobile phone operating systems. Faulkner Information Services. Nicolaisen, N. (2010). Developing mobile applications. Faulkner Information Services. Nicolaisen, N. (2010). Open source development platforms. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Project management planning and scheduling. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2009). Project management software market trends. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Setting project goals and measuring performance. Faulkner Information Services. Woodward, K. (2010). Service oriented architecture. Faulkner Information Services. All electronic materials ar e available on the student website. Week One: Systems Development (2/19 – 2/25) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives |Define the systems development life cycle. | | | | |Examine systems development methodologies. | | | |Course Preparation |Read the course description and objectives. | | | | |Ensure you have access to the required and recommended software: | | | | | | | | | Microsoft Visio (Recommended) | | | | | | | | | |Review the Learning Team Toolkit. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 1, â€Å"Systems, Roles, and Development Methodologies,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Appendix B, â€Å"Agile Methodologies,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. 2/25 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |2/21 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Complete the Learning Team Charter. | | | | | | | | | |The Learning T eam will complete Service Request SR-rm-004, Analyze HR System. Create an 8–16 | | | | |page report of the project that includes the requested business requirements definition for | | | | |the development of an HR system.Also create a Microsoft PowerPoint ® presentation of the | | | | |project. The report and presentation are due in Week Six. | | | | | | | | | |The report should contain: | | | | | | | | | |An executive summary that eveals the areas of the business to be improved, identifies the | | | | |purpose of the project, and lists the stakeholders associated with the project | | | | | | | | | |An identification of the business requirements of the service request | | | | | | | | | |An articulation of the business requirements in terms of specific processes or business | | | | |development needs | | | | | | | | | |The implementation approach for the project | | | Week Two: Systems Analysis (2/26 – 3/4) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Explain sc ope and feasibility. | | | | |Define systems analysis and systems requirements. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 3, â€Å"Project Management,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 5, â€Å"Determining System Requirements,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read Ch. , â€Å"Structuring System Requirements: Process Modeling,† of Essentials of Systems | | | | |Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/4 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |2/28 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Begin work on Service Request SR-rm-004, Analyze HR System. |3/4 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page Executive Summary of the project. | | |Individual |Select a system for development that would benefit your workplace. Prepare a 2–3 page plan |3/4 |10 | |Systems Development Paper |for determining the feasibility of the systems deve lopment. | | | |Week Three: Systems Design (3/5 – 3/11) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Define design specifications. | | | |Explain human computer interaction. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 7, â€Å"Moving Into Design,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 8, â€Å"Architecture Design,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 8, â€Å"Designing the Human Interface,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. 3/11 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |3/7 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |3/11 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page identification of the business requirements of the service request. | | | |Individual |Prepare a 2–3 page plan for gathering requirements. Build on the systems development selected|3/11 |10 | |Requir ements Paper |in Week Two. Begin gathering the requirements for the project.State any assumptions you | | | | |make. State the difficulties of gathering the requirements. | | | |Week Four: Systems Development and Implementation (3/12 – 3/18) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Analyze development. | | | | |Analyze implementation. | | | |Identify methods of information system security. | | | |Readings |Read Ch. 12, â€Å"Moving Into Implementation,† of Systems Analysis & Design. | | | | |Read Ch. 16, â€Å"Quality Assurance and Implementation,† of Systems Analysis and Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/18 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. 3/14 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |3/18 |2 | | |Prepare a 2–4 page section of the report that will use process flow charts, procedur es, | | | | |and/or policy statements to articulate the business requirements in terms of specific process| | | | |or business development needs. | | | |Individual |Prepare a 3–5 page requirements document for the systems development selected in Week Two. 3/18 |15 | |Requirements Document |Include the following areas of analysis: | | | | | | | | | |Technical: Describe any proposed hardware and software requirements. | | | | |Performance: Specify expected response time and/or throughput requirements. | | | | |Usability: Describe the human-computer interface, documentation, any new procedures, etc. | | | |Reliability: Define requirements for system dependability, such as up-time, error detection, | | | | |etc. | | | | |Security: Identify user access requirements and conditions under which access may be granted. | | | |Week Five: Maintenance (3/19 – 3/25) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Identify types of maintenance. | | |Readings |Read Ch. 10, â€Å" Systems Implementation and Operation,† of Essentials of Systems Analysis and | | | | |Design. | | | | |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. |3/25 |2 | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. |3/21 |2 | |Learning Team Instructions |Continue work on Service Request SR-rm-004. 3/25 |2 | | | | | | | |Prepare a 2–4 page section of the report that will identify the implementation approach for | | | | |the project. The implementation approach should identify software testing and installation | | | | |activities as well as the training consideration. Include, also, the identification of the | | | | |training method(s) and the audience to be trained. | | | | | | | | |Begin work on PowerPoint ® presentation of the project. | | | |Individual |Prepare a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design and implementation of the systems |3/25 |15 | |Request for Proposal |development selected in W eek Two. The outline guides the type of information that should be | | | | |included in a RFP. | | | | | | | | |RFP | | | | | | | | | |Introduction | | | | | | | | | |Description of company, including type of organizational structure | | | | |Business goals | | | | |Project goals | | | | |Scope of project | | | | |Time constraints | | | | |Budget constraints | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | |Requirements | | | | | | | | | |Technical: | | | | | | | | |Standards | | | | |Existing system | | | | |Hardware | | | | |Operating systems | | | | |Networking | | | | |Application software | | | | |Communications | | | | |Security | | | | |Scalability | | | | |Availability | | | | |Reliability | | | | |Maintenance | | | | |Disaster recovery | | | | |Other | | | | | | | | | |Training /Documentation | | | | |Installation issues | | | |Cost | | | | |Other | | | | |Administrative Information | | | | | | | | | |Who may apply | | | | |How to apply | | | | |Confidentiality | | | | |Refer ences | | | | |How to get clarification | | | | |Proposal format | | | | |Submission schedule | | | | |Decision schedule | | | | |Selection criteria | | | | |Other | | | |Week Six: Development Standards (3/26 – 4/1) | | |Details |Due |Points | |Objectives | | | | | |Examine development standards. | | | | |Apply systems analysis. | | |Readings |Read this week’s Electronic Reserve Readings. | | | |Participation |Participate in class discussion. | | | |Discussion Questions |Respond to weekly discussion questions. | | | |Learning Team |Complete work on Service Request SR-rm-004. |4/1 |12 | |Report |Finalize and submit the 8–16 page paper summarizing the project proposal. | | | |Learning Team |Finalize and submit the PowerPoint ® presentation of the project. 4/1 |10 | |Presentation | | | | Optional Discussion Questions Week One Discussion Questions †¢ Describe at least one risk inherent in each phase of the SDLC. †¢ Based on Hugos’ 2008 article, what is the relationship between IT infrastructure and new development? Which one comes first, or can they be built in tandem? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has the Ajax development methodology influenced the SDLC for developing Web-based customer facing applications? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has the ASP. NET facility of the Visual Studio. NET methodology influenced the SDLC for developing Web-Based customer-facing applications?How would you compare Ajax with ASP. NET? Week Two Discussion Questions †¢ Based on Gould’s (2008) article, what is the main attraction for open source ERP? †¢ Based on the Grenier (2011) article, what do you think is the largest benefit and the largest drawback for using mobile devises in the workplace? Consider extensibility, integration, manageability, security, etc. Week Three Discussion Questions †¢ Based on Brache’s 2008 article, what are the three ways a business process is conside red an innovation lever? †¢ Based on the Nicolaisen (2010) article, what accounts for the increased reliance on open source development methodologies to develop new application solutions?Do you think proprietary development methodologies are loosing market share? †¢ Based on the Greiner (2010) article, how has Java-based application development technology influenced the growth and acceptance of open source development platforms? Week Four Discussion Questions †¢ According to Chisckowski’s (2008) article, what are some of the advantages of incorporating security measures into the design and implementation of information systems? What obstacles may be encountered? †¢ Based on the Woodward (2010) article, how should unpredictable delays, failures on the part of third parties, and other obstacles accommodated by the traditional SDLC? Week Five Discussion Questions Based on the Woodward (2010) article, why is measuring project performance in a way that is agree d on by all stakeholders essential for securing agreement that the application solution meets business goals? †¢ Based on the Woodward (2009) article, how has measuring project performance been affected by portfolio management systems that view projects across the entire enterprise for securing agreement that the application solution meets business goals? Week Six Discussion Questions †¢ Based on the Woodward (2010) article, how has service oriented architecture (SOA) provided efficiencies in the design, development, implementation, and deployment of applications? Based on the Greiner (2009) article, how has outsourcing the enterprise development provided efficiencies in the design, development, implementation and deployment of applications? Copyright University of Phoenix ® is a registered trademark of Apollo Group, Inc. in the United States and/or other countries. Microsoft ®, Windows ®, and Windows NT ® are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the U nited States and/or other countries. All other company and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies. Use of these marks is not intended to imply endorsement, sponsorship, or affiliation. Edited in accordance with University of Phoenix ® editorial standards and practices.

The DIM Lighting Co. Case Analysis Form Essay

I. Problems: Macro: 1. The DIM Lighting Co. has had a decline of 15% in profit margins over the past year. 2. This subsidiary is part of a large corporation and operates as a profit center. 3. The company wants to stay competitive and profitable in today’s economy. New technologies are being developed by the competitors. Micro: 1. The proposed research project is considered â€Å"high risk† by members of management. Corporate is supportive of the idea but not ready to commit to the amount of money needed. 2. The initial investment for the â€Å"Light of the Future† is $1.2 million per year for the next two years with an additional $500,000 to begin production. 3. Money is needed for new equipment for current product which has an immediate payback. 4. Management is not confident in the financial figures provided by the accounting department. 5. The company needs to stay competitive while keeping up with current production. II. Causes 1. The company has had a 15% decline in profit margins over the past year. 2. The company is trying to develop new products while keeping up with current production. 3. The new â€Å"Light of the Future† is considered a risky investment and management is worried about the amount of money needed to develop new product. 4. The company is also concerned on the amount of time required before payback on new product is feasible. 5. The management team is not confident in the financial figures presented at the meeting. III. Alternatives 1. The management team needs to feel confident in the financial numbers presented by accounting. Without the confidence, an accurate decision cannot be made. Accounting needs to review and resubmit numbers to management team. 2. Also company needs total support and capital from corporate. A feasibility review of the project and its financial investment  is needed before proceeding. 3. Research and Development may need to look at other potential projects that will have the same profitability but requires smaller investment and quicker payback period. IV. Recommendations 1. Review current financial records to gain confidence in numbers. 2. Review by R&D to see if any reductions can be made without sacrificing product quality and profitability. 3. R&D to research additional potential products for future production. 4. Insure that current production is meeting current customer requirements. Also look for cost savings in current production to offset 15% decline. 5. Once these items are completed, decision made and presented to corporate for support and capital for investment.

Argumentative Essay About Euthanasia

Interested authors claim that some form of euthanasia, rather, passively involuntarily, rarely, indirect euthanasia is morally permitted. However, due to language limitations, we must point out that more important ideas are lack of experience around euthanasia so that we can reflect the authors of my course and my new reading experience not. In addition to this, it should be noted that euthanasia can not be evaluated alone. Why, to learn more urban life persuasive essay export Click to add about better life of the country: the debate about euthanasia, they need to choose life, but I am euthanasia I thought that there are legal and ethical problems. Here this lyrical and active summer tour Aziz sash, this song is their best pumpkin Robert Pattinson is the occurrence of the dispute with the college student, New York City college student, his father, Neil Patrick  · Harris Number is a terrible way to start a fantastic summary of this year's Academy Awards. About Light Macbeth Blood Im age Articles Nursing Student Homework Sub Article Notes Getter Toronto's Articles Children's stables about editor's homework. What is the writing of a critical analysis of poetry when dealing with a paper, and what is the paper on feminist 's English literature? In my article price JFM article, no one but I pursue health as well as their dreams, the relationship is more important in life Abstract: This article provides background information on the background of Belgian euthanasia. It will proceed by discussing Belgian laws on euthanasia, laws, their interpretation and concerns concerning implementation. Finally, major developments and controversies since the entry into force were discussed. In order to prevent the potential exploitation of vulnerable patients, Belgium made recommendations on how to improve the practices of euthanasia laws and regulations, reflecting the research, encouraging members of Belgium and medical institutions to do so

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Business ethics - Essay Example â€Å"It is often said that deontologists unlike consequentialists believe that there are certain acts that are wrong in themselves† (Lippert-Rasmussen, 2010: p15). In other words, deontology indicates that there are things that are inherently right and things that are inherently wrong. One does not need to question why they are so. One must just do it because that is the right thing to do. There are no debates about it. Thus, a distinction is made between deontology and consequentialist philosophy on the grounds that consequentialists mainly examine the bigger picture of the results of a given activity or process. Hence, they evaluate the consequences and the impact of a given activity or process. However, deontology differs significantly because it supports the position that things are inherently either bad or good. And a person must choose one and not question it. Basford and Selvin commented in deontology and stated that â€Å"... they are ethics of duty and principle as they relate to what is intrinsically good, they are often seen as encompassing virtue ethics† (2012, p215). This implies that deontology supports the idea that doing what is right is a duty. And it is inherently so because some higher power or authority requires what is write in a strict and prescribed format. Hence, there is no room for negotiation and compromise. Deontology forms a class of absolute ethics – and it must be done irrespective of the circumstances or the situation at hand (Kelly and Magill, 2009). People must do what is required and prescribed and there is no need to examine or factor in the consequences of the action. If it is right, it must be done. If it is wrong, it must not be done. This is a form of ethic based on moral obligation and it is determined by principles and ideas (Hitchcock et al, 2012). Teleological ethics on the other hand, are consequentialist ethics that are based on the

The Impact of Food Allergies on Quality of Life Research Paper

The Impact of Food Allergies on Quality of Life - Research Paper Example When I have really bad allergies, I am absent from the classes, because I don’t want to disturb the classes. I asked my professors to excuse, but they didn’t accept my excuse. In this research paper, I want to let people know that allergies are not contagious to other people, and even if it may disturb my other classmates, it is just something beyond my control. The body has a natural or acquired immune mechanism of dealing with foreign materials which enter it or come into contact with it. This hypersensitive immune mechanism that often detects a harmless substance as a pathogen and develops a mechanism to fight it is called an allergy. Different people are allergic to different substances. These may include pollen, dust, food materials such as bee honey. The body’s immune system which is supposed to guard our bodies against pathogens (organisms or materials which cause ill health) reacts in a manner trying to destroy the material or substance that is harmless. The substances that cause hypersensitive allergic reactions are called allergens. Antibodies in the body are responsible for fighting any foreign material that the body detects as pathogenic. When the body reacts in a hypersensitive manner towards the harmless substance such as dust or honey, these antibodies are produced to fight it. Consequently, this leads to the production of histamine.  

Apollo 1 launch catastrophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Apollo 1 launch catastrophy - Essay Example One of the disasters that cost three men their lives was the catastrophe that occurred on the launch pad of Apollo I. Ironically, the accident occurred not in an actual space launch but in a simulation launch on Friday, January 27, 1967. Three astronauts, Virgil Grissom, Edward White and Roger Chaffee, were on board the spacecraft, 012, by 13:00 they were seated on the couched in the spacecraft after their preparations were complete Everything leading up to the launch simulation had gone well. There had only been short delays due to the communications systems, but according to the astronauts and the technical crew the other systems had been faultless. All 1000 crew members, as well as the three astronauts, had been preparing for months, and the process was anticipated to go smoothly. The system and the spacecraft were in excellent condition. The knowledge and familiarity of the crew and the astronauts with the spacecraft was faultless. Only one other problem (apart from the communica tions systems) was anticipated: the environmental system had been faulty but was by then in good repair. One of the astronauts, Grissom, did report, though, that as they entered the capsule, a strange smell, like sour milk could be sensed. The astronauts were sealed into the capsule, and their biomedical sensors, communications systems, and the environmental control systems were checked.

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Kandase Week 1 Business Work 1 - Essay Example A disadvantage of living in a capitalism society is that there is greater inequality of wealth in such a society. Jean-Paul is proud of living in Belgium which operates under socialism. In such an economy everyone contributes to the wealth being of the whole. The Belgium government has done a much better job than the United States of using the governmental resources in order to provide benefits for the people. The United States wastes billions of dollars each year to support the military instead of using that money to help the poor Americans in its territory. Belgium does not waste money on excessive military spending, instead the taxes people are charged are used for social causes. A con of living under socialism is that it is harder to accumulate wealth or become rich in this society. Overall the economy of Belgium has done a good job at generating resources for its people evidenced by its high gross domestic product per capita of $38,200 (Culturegrams,

Is Cultural Pluralism a Viable and Valid Way to Deal with Diversity in Research Paper

Is Cultural Pluralism a Viable and Valid Way to Deal with Diversity in the United States - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that the colonists were unified in their opposition to taxation without representation and other impositions that they felt membership in the British Empire was imposing on them. However, beyond that shared belief there was already a great deal of diversity in the United States. First, there were the indigenous peoples and the African-American population. Both of these groups were excluded from participating in the governance of the new nation (as were women). This alone is evidence of diversity. On another level, even the European immigrants newly arrived in North America brought with them diverse cultures. Many were religious dissenters such as William Penn and the Quakers that founded Pennsylvania and the Puritans that had founded the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. Manhattan had been founded by the Dutch and there was still a large number of people of Dutch heritage who spoke Dutch in the area at the time of the Revolution. The Constitution itse lf also speaks to the diversity within the United States over 200 hundred years ago. In light of the diversity of the newly formed United States, the Constitution specifically ruled out the establishment of a state, official religion and guaranteed freedom of religion. The first phrase in the First Amendment states, â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.† Religious diversity was an aspect of American national identity from the birth of the United States. The Constitution also recognizes that the former colonies, now states, are each unique.

Comparative paper between aboriginal people of canada and palestinian Essay

Comparative paper between aboriginal people of canada and palestinian people - Essay Example As a result of introduction of Indian Act, the government took the power of controlling the lives of aboriginal people and their lands (Hallett 100). The Aboriginal people were denied their rights. The Indian Department that was in charge of the Indian affairs took the full control over the lands that was reserved for the aboriginal people. They also took control of the resources and trade among the aboriginal people. The government took advantage of the act and used as a way of controlling these people. The government decided where these people could live. However, this legislation was never following what it stood for; it was being violated. The aboriginal people had so many social issues. In 1600s, the aboriginal people were engaging in trading activities that involved trade of firearms, minerals, and fur. Due to competition in trading, conflicts between tribes emerged that resulted in division of these people. The aboriginal people lost their self knowledge (McNab & Ute 51). Loss of self knowledge, according to the anishinaabe, was just like losing their culture that was assisting them in development. The aboriginal people lost these through the introduction of integration of residential schools and pilot programs. These programs were not favoring the aboriginal people but they were meant to westernize them. The current generation of aboriginal people is not able to access their knowledge of the past and anything concerning their culture. As a result, they are no longer able to keep their culture (Neu & Richard 98). Furthermore, this lack of self knowledge has led to the loss of identity of the aboriginal people. They are no longer able to set goals and objectives for themselves. Without identity, aboriginal people have lost their culture and this is shown by the way they present themselves in the society. In addition, loss of language by anishinaabe people is another social issue.

Management of Law Office Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management of Law Office - Assignment Example There are several forms of business organizations that a person may venture into among them sole proprietorship, partnerships, limited liability partnerships, law corporations and group law practices.Each of these forms has their own specific differences, as well as, the features upon which each can be evaluated so as to suit the organizational needs of Ms Seow. In this paper, I seek to discuss in brief these forms and then select on one upon which I shall make a recommendation about and the justifications for the same. In a sole proprietorship, a person decides to operate on a particular business venture on their own. The main advantage with this form is that one gets the opportunity to manage and enjoy the profits/benefits from the business alone. However, the costs are enjoyed alone as well which may be detrimental. However, this form would not be essential for Ms Seow considering the nature and form of organization and clientele she serves (Roper, 2007.p.85). On the other hand, a partnership would be when she joins hands with another lawyer and pools resources and clientele base together. In such an arrangement, the benefit would arise from the fact there will be shared responsibility in terms of management and even sourcing of capital for the firm. This arrangement would appear essential considering the financial challenges faced by Ms Seow’s firm. Above all, there are joint deliberations in the making of decisions thus, ensuring their concreteness. However, this would not seem feasible as the same has not worked with the current partnership with Mr. How. Consequently, this form of business may prove unproductive taking into consideration the likely disagreements that may arise between the partners or even the fact that they will be subjected to unlimited or limited liability based on the nature of the partnership. Additionally, a partnership in spite of being flexible and allowing for sharing of losses will also involve the sharing of profits by th e partners. This seems to be the case of Ms Seow in which case the options to her appear as though she should part ways with Mr. How. In the case of a law corporation, the situation facing Ms Seow and her law firm may not prove fruitful. This is because law corporations are usually considered as large scale operational units. Usually, the institutional set-ups as, as well as the structural nature of such may not warrant the organisation run by Ms Seow to be classified as such. This is considering that Ms Seow for one has limited office space, limited number of staff, and above all limited, or inadequate capital to finance her firm’s operations. This is worsened by the ideal situation of the market in which due to the competition, the profits levels have decreased hence, lawyers are not able to make many earnings in the business. For instance, Mr. How, despite being specialised in conveyancing, the same poses a major challenge in the face of the stiff competition with most fir ms opting to charge lower fees (Nollkamper, 2013.p.205). In all these situations, the most feasible and achievable option for Ms Seow and her law firm that will also ensure the achievement of enhanced profitability would be to engage in a Group Law Practice. As the adage goes, ‘there is strength in numbers.’ As such, it would be beneficial for Ms Seow to enter into a Group Law Practice with other firms of similar sizes and enjoy the benefits of extended employees’ network. Group Law Practices are continuously providing effective strategies through which the demands in the ever evolving law demands can be met. As has been reasoned by most seasoned lawyers in private practice, the strength in the seasoned legal bench enables the firms to offer an extensive assortment of services to customers. This is so because group law practice will enable Ms Seow to build a team of sophisticated and dedicated lawyers with diverse knowledge on the benefits of the clients. Clearly , this seems to be much possible

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Net Present Value and Cash Essay Need to consider what types and which cash flows should be included in capital budgeting analysis. Damp;D was producing and marketing two major product lines: 1. Lift-Off: Low –suds, concentrated powder. 2. Wave: Traditional powder detergent. Questions amp; Answers: . If you were in Steve Gasper’s place, would you argue to include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow? If I’m Steven Gasper’s I would not include the cost from market testing as a cash outflow. The reason is because the cost from market testing was considered as sunk costs. A sunk cost is an outlay that has already occurred, hence by decision under consideration would not been affected by the costs. Since sunk costs are not incremental cost they should not be included in the analysis. In this case initial cost for Blast, $500,000 for test marketing, which was conducted in the Detroit area and completed in the previous June was consider as a sunk cost and it will not affect Danforth amp; Donnalley Laundry future cash flows regardless of whether or not the new branch is built. 2. What would your opinion be as to how to deal with the question of working capital? Working capital management deals with the management of current assets which are inventories, payroll, and other cash needs and receivables from customers, account receivable, and also procedures financing these assets. In our opinion, have two basic questions involves in working capital policy: (i) What is the appropriate amount of current assets for the firm to carry both in total and for each specific account and (ii) How should current asset be financed. Therefore, the most important element in best buys working capital policy is its inventory management. Refer to the Danforth amp; Donnalley laundry, McDonald suggest to add another $200,000 in working capital, because they estimate this money would never leave the firm and would always be in liquid form, for the first time; it consider outflow but hence inflow. In our opinion, some additional cash is required to conduct operations in Damp;D laundry because additional some cash is needed in order to reserve for some contingency, or as a â€Å"parking place† for funds prior to an acquisition, a major capital investment program, or the like. That concept has been applied to more complex businesses, where it is used to analyze the effectiveness of a firm’s working capital management. Under relaxed current assets policy, Damp;D laundry would hold relatively large amounts of each type of current asset and under a restricted current assets policy; company would hold minimal amounts of these items. Current assets are necessary, but there are costs associated with holding them. Therefore, if Damp;D can manage its current assets more efficiently and thereby operate with smaller investment in working capital; this will increase Damp;D laundry profitability. 3. Would you suggest that the product be charged for the use of excess production facilities and building? Would this opinion change under the hypothetical assumption that needed production facilities for the current line of powdered detergents were at 55 percent of capacity and expected to grow at a rate 20 percent a year and maximum production capacity was 100 percent? What would be the present value of this cash flow given the fact that the currently proposed new plant would involve cash outflows of $5 million in three years (assuming that acceptance of the Blast project would not affect the size of the proposed outlay, only the timing, and that the new plant and facilities would be operable indefinitely). (Hint: Assume that the introduction of Blast would only move the need for a new plant ahead by one year, that the cash outflow would remain at $5 million regardless of when incurred, and that the plant would operate indefinitely. In our opinion, the excess usage of production facilities and building would not be charge into Blast. The reasons of this are:- a) When the machine was bought for Lift-Off productions the cost has been calculated; and b) In obtaining the machine and building for Blast productions no cash payment has been made. Since the production of Blast will occupy current excess capacity, no incremental cash flows are incurred; hence, none should be charged against Blast. Would you suggest that the cash flows resulting from erosion of sales from current laundry detergent products be included as a cash inflow? If there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product were Damp;D to fail to introduce Blast, would this affect your answer? Yes, it should be treat as an incremental cash flow for the reduction in the sales of the Lift-Off and Wave, referred to as erosion. These lost sales are included because it a cost (a revenue reduction) that the company must bear if it choose to produce the new product (Blast). It will not affect our answer if there was a chance that competition would introduce a similar product at time Damp;D fail to introduce Blast. This happen due to the fact that for constructs cash flow we ignore the competitor effect. 5. If debt is used to finance this project, should the interest payments associated with this new debt be considered cash flows? No. We discount project cash flows with a cost of capital that is the rate of return required by all investors (not just debt holders or stockholders), and so we should discount the total amount of cash flow available to all investors.

Managing diverse workforce Essay Example for Free

Managing diverse workforce Essay Workforce diversity includes the obvious differences we see when we look around: race, gender, national origin, sexual orientation, age, religion and ethnicity. But it’s also the less obvious traits, the subtle differences that often register with us unconsciously, such as socioeconomic status, marital status, educational background, language, accent and appearance. We all have something that makes us unique, some special talent or ability that we bring to the table that differentiates us from our colleagues. That’s diversity at its best. Sourcing and managing people from a diverse background have become a critical part of an employment and management strategy. Workers who vary in age, gender, ability, sexual orientation, socioeconomic background or culture, ethnicity and language, make a positive contribution to an organization’s workforce — they’re an asset to organization culture and the bottom line as companies and managers are realizing every day that passes. There is a common belief that a diverse workforce brings innovative and creative solutions to an organization from ‘outside the box’. An effective corporate diversity program is a powerful way to gain a competitive advantage and stand apart from competition. It can’t be overstated that diverse workforce brings real bottom-line value to any organization. Diverse workforce allows organizations to break barriers, attract new customers and build customer-base and help form strategic alliances with partners across the globe by having better knowledge of the target markets and establishing better communication capabilities and having ability to communicate in a variety of languages including understanding of cultural differences. Just over half of the employers polled in Canada said they anticipate a shortage of quali? ed workers in the next ? ve years and approximately 67% believe they currently have a more diverse workforce than 5 years ago. These forward-thinking companies are not only placing an emphasis on making a positive contribution to their workforce – but on their bottom line. Source:Randstad Despite Workforce diversity is becoming common phenomenon across Canada, managers of today are increasingly facing the challenges of handling a diverse workforce and being sensitive to this diversity (Tjosvold, 1985). The rationale behind this research is to understand challenges organizations are facing as a result of managing diverse workforce. Additionally the research would try to look into various ways managers can overcome these challenges and make managing diverse workforce a real success. The concept of managing diversity originated in America following the growing need to manage cross-cultural and individual differences in an increasingly diverse demographic workforce (Cox Blake, 1991). In Canada, immigration and large numbers of women entering the workforce promoted diversity management efforts since the 1990s, although the workplace composition differs from that in the USA (Miller A. Rowney, 1999). Experts (Fernandez, 1993; Rice, 1994; Carnevale and Stone, 1994) indicate that business owners and managers who hope to create and manage an effective, harmonious multicultural workforce should remember the importance of the following: Setting a good example: This basic tool can be particularly valuable for small business owners who hope to establish a healthy environment for people of different cultural backgrounds. This is because they are generally able to wield significant control over the business basic outlook and atmosphere. The leaders must exhibit strong commitment to addressing issues like myths, stereotypes, and real cultural differences, as well as organizational barriers that interfere with the full contribution of all employees. Communicate in Writing: Organization policies that explicitly forbid prejudice and discriminatory behavior should be included in employee manual, mission statement and other written communications. Diversity should be a super-ordinate goal instead of a goal assigned to individual group. Training Programs: Awareness and skill building training programs provides information on cultural norms of different groups and how they may affect work behavior. New employee orientation programs are ideal for introducing workers to organization’s expectation regarding treatment of fellow workers irrespective of their cultural or ethnic background. Recognize individual differences: There are number of dimensions around human relationships. These include but not limited to: acceptance of power equality, desire for orderliness and structure; the need to belong to a wider group etc. Difference should not be assumed to be cultural. Other sources are personality, aptitude or competence ( Goffee, 1997). Actively seek input from Minority workers: Seeking opinions of minority groups and their involvement on important matters is beneficial not only because of the contributions they can make but also as it sends a message that they are valued by the organization. Revamp reward system: An organizations performance appraisal and reward system should encourage and reinforce effective diversity management. Flexible Work environment: Cox (1994) indicated that flexible work environment could be highly beneficial for and to people of non-traditional cultural background because their approaches to problems are more likely to be different from past norms. Continuous Monitoring: Experts recommend that business owners and managers establish and maintain systems and routines that can continually monitor the organization’s policies and practices to ensure that it continues to be a good environment for all employees. Periodic surveys should be conducted by management to understand employee’s needs (Jorgensen, 1993). Impact of Diversity on Organizational Culture: Hill and Jones defined organizational culture as those set of norms, values, and attitude that defined the way the employees of an organization behaved and interacted with each other and with others outside their organization (Hill and Jones, 2001). Organizational culture has been seen as instrumental in impacting individual employees in an organization. A positive organizational culture promotes diversity by taking advantage of diverse talent pool as well as intellectual capital whereas a negative organizational culture will stifle and discriminate against diversity and thus affect the work environment and consequently the employee productivity (Chatman and Spataro, 2005). Thomas identified that organizational culture is responsible for the systematic and planned way in which a diverse workforce is managed in an organization and their skill sets are put to use for the benefit of the business (Thomas, 1992). With dramatic adoption of diversity as a value-add across number of organizations, it’s become important to make sure organizational culture promotes workplace diversity. It means extensively analyzing a organizations current culture and changing those parts that limit cultural diversity. Also, it means recruiting new employees for the skills they can bring to the organization rather than their cultural homogeneity. Lastly, it means working with a management team to help them understand that cultural diversity is a business issue, and their own careers will benefit from enabling their employees to reach their full potential (Managing Diversity, 1999). Diversity management contains three (3) components: 1. Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action programs direct attention to laws that guide recruitment and promotion. 2. Valuing differences centers on interpersonal qualities that shape managements relationships with their employees. 3. Managing diversity focuses on the diverse quality of employees work-life needs such as childcare, family leave, and flexible holiday schedules. It requires setting policies and procedures that empowers managers to meet employees needs (Galagan, 1999; Jenner, 1994; Wilkinson, 1999). Managing diversity is managing human resource needs, says Ben Harrison. ( Jenner, 1994). Human resource personnel alone cant do the work of managing diversity. All levels of managers should implement programs designed to heighten awareness of cultural differences, foster appreciation for these differences, and identify the commonalties among the various ethnic groups. Managing diversity is an effort that will involve all members of the organization In order to reap the fruits of diversity. The process should start by including managing diversity into the overall strategy, this will promote cultural synergy and effectively integrating the better elements associated with multiple cultures. This tactic will help in aiding of identifying and implementing of new practices in companies with diverse units. Steps to be taken to begin managing diversity are: 1. Assess your organizations needs by conducting an organizational audit to determine which diversity problems exist. The audit should consist of surveys, interviews, focus groups, or a combination of these. 2. One should learn all s(he) can by exposing him/herself to different types of people, for this can reduce Stereotyping. 3. Strengthen top managements  commitment level. White males control the resources and feel most of the fear; therefore, they should be informed of the importance of their involvement, for this can reduce if not eliminate their fear. 4. Develop new selection criteria that include personality characteristics. Promote cultural synergy by effectively integrating the better elements associated with multiple cultures. 5. Invest in communication training to reduce prejudice and develop 6. Choose soluti ons that balance strategy to achieve the organizations goals. 7. Build diversity into your leadership team: You must plan for the development and promotion of your employees. 8. Look for ways to adjust your organization to your workers. This means the organizations culture should be employee oriented. Instituting flexible management systems to accommodate diverse workers can do this. This includes job sharing, flextime, and separate reward and benefit systems. (Managing Diversity, 1999,Galagan, 1999;Nelton, 2000) Conclusion At the end of the day appreciating diversity in people means recognizing, accepting, and supporting their differences. In addition, properly managing diversity means creating an environment that takes advantage of the different characteristics of everyone, which is in the best interest of the organization and the employee. The concept of managing diversity was developed as a result of the changing demographics of workforces, imperfections of Affirmative Action programs, and discrimination laws. Managing diversity involves consumption of all program and resources to building systems and a culture that unite different people in a common pursuit without undermining their diversity. It differs from solely using from Affirmative Action programs or other of its kind, because it creates an environment where all individuals can contribute to their maximum potential. Attaining support from top management is the most important implementing step in the process, which is necessary to ensure success. Additionally, it reduces the fears of the dominant group. Through the use of all valuing diversity, managing diversity and affirmative action companies create a qualified, diverse work force that appropriately reflects the demographics of its communities.

Human African Trypanosomiasis Treatment

Human African Trypanosomiasis Treatment THE synthesis of novel hydrazone compounds to determine the potential anti-parasitic properties and efficacy in the treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. ABSTRACT Human African Trypanosomiasis is caused by two sub-species of trypanosome, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodeisense. The protozoan parasite has complex mechanisms to evade immune destruction and hence survives in the host, leading to eventual death without treatment. Treatment such as Suramin and Melarsoprol are limited and have high toxicity, often leading to further complications. Alternative therapies are drastically needed to combat trypanosomal infection, with novel hydrazone compounds currently in development promoting trypanocidal activity. The aims and objectives of this research project include the synthesis of novel hydrazone compounds, with aims of high efficacy and low toxicity, namely against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. This was achieved through a series of reactions, with proton NMR spectra used to confirm the structures of novel hydrazone compounds, and biological screening analysis used to assess the trypanocidal activity in vitro. IC50 valu es were obtained for all hydrazones synthesized, the best results coming from HD1, 9.29 ÂÂ µM, and HD6, 16.18 ÂÂ µM. Overall, the presence of chlorine in the compound typically lowered trypanocidal activity when compared to HD1, which lacked chlorine atoms. Despite other compounds in literature having much lower IC50 values, the results remain promising, demonstrating trypanocidal activity against T. brucei brucei, the infective form of trypanosome that affects animals. Trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei brucei suggests potential activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, signifying the IC50 values obtained from novel hydrazones. Furthermore, the biological properties of hydrazone structures demonstrate the potential to develop additional analogues and derivatives, which could contribute to combatting Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection. Likewise, alternative therapies that can cross the blood-brain-barrier are another interest regarding research i n the field. Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense proceeds rapidly once an individual has been exposed to the parasite, with severe side effects and high mortality rates. This reinforces the need for better and more effective treatment and management of the disease. Key words: Trypanosomiasis, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, hydrazone, Suramin, Melarsoprol, proton NMR, IC50 values 1.1. Background of Human African Trypanosomiasis Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), or African sleeping sickness, is a disease affecting a large proportion of Africa, with a suspected 60 million people at risk (Kennedy, 2013).It is caused by two subspecies of trypanosome, a unicellular and flagellated protozoan parasite, with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) causing East- African sleeping sickness, and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (T.b.g) causing West-African sleeping sickness. West African sleeping sickness is much more prevalent in terms of the whole continent, with 6228 cases reported in 2013. Incidence has decreased massively since 2000, with 25,865 reported cases, although this figure is suspected to be higher due to unreported disease incidence. It is the causative sub-species in 98% of cases. The other 2% of cases are classified as East-African sleeping sickness, with 86 cases reported in 2013, approximately 88% lower than in 2000 (709 cases reported) (Franco et al., 2014). Despite the low incidence of T.b.r infectio n, symptoms are severe and death occurs in almost all patients without treatment. Treatment for suchinfections are limited and have high toxicity, signifying the need for development. Transmission of the protozoan parasite is via the vector, the tsetse fly. Infections with T.b.r proceed rapidly, with entry of infectious metacyclic trypomastigotes into the human bloodstream, lymphatic system and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) following the initial bite, where proliferation occurs. The tsetse fly ingests a blood meal from an infected animal, with cattle and ungulates acting as reservoirs (Palmer Wells, 2012), and hence ingests trypomastigotes. Various cell divisions and binary fission occur in the mid-gut of the fly to form procyclic trypomastigotes, and conformational changes occur to allow the trypomastigotes to bind to the salivary epithelia. Once attached, the parasite can once again replicate via asymmetric division (Pepin, 2014) to form metacyclic trypanosomes. It is in this way that a person becomes infected with T.b.r (Langousis Hill, 2014). 1.2. Immunology The causative parasite manifests in hosts due to the evasion of the immune system through antigenic variation, delaying the immune response and therefore allowing the parasite to complete its complex lifecycle (Stijlemans et al., 2016). The parasite expresses variant surface glycoproteins (VSGs) on its cell membrane via a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor to serve as a protective barrier. While the immune response induces antibody development against the VSG being expressed, the parasite can switch VSG due to the large amount of VSG genes the genome possesses. This causes new antibodies to form against the newly expressed VSG, and the parasite continues to change VSGs to avoid destruction. Furthermore, the parasites alter their energy metabolism and internal structure, presenting further issues for the immune system (Stijlemans et al., 2016). T.b.r. is resistant to human trypanosome lytic factors (TLFs) containing apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1), and this is due to the existence of the seru m resistance protein (SRP) coded for by the SRA gene. This binds to TLF-1 and therefore prevents ApoL1-mediated lysis of the infected parasitic cells (Kennedy, 2013; Bart et al., 2015). Kato et al. noted the upregulation of certain cytokines following T.b.r infection, namely IFN-ÃŽÂ ³, IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-ÃŽÂ ² (Kato et al. 2015). Furthermore, these cytokines may play a key role in the inflammatory immune response. IL-6 and IL-10 were upregulated upon CSF examination of late stage patients, and those with CSF trypanosomes had higher levels of WBCs, positively correlating with IL-6 CSF levels. Despite this, no significant changes in levels of cytokines at different stages in HAT were noted. Both subspecies of trypanosome cause non-specific inflammatory responses, resulting in non-specific symptoms. This demonstrates the difficulty in diagnosis and staging of T.b.r infection, and therefore poses a hindrance in regards to timely treatment (Lamour et al. 2015). 1.3. Symptoms Symptoms, typically manifesting 1-3 weeks after bite, include myalgia, hyperplasia of the lymph nodes and spleen, and weight loss in the haemolymphatic stage, and there is clear central nervous system (CNS) involvement in later stages (Pepin, 2014; Kennedy, 2013). It is in this meningoencephalitic stage where patients often exhibit behavioural and motor disturbances including tremors, speech complications, anxiety, confusion, personality changes and others. Further complications may manifest, including ocular difficulties, acute renal failure, multi-organ failure and chronic lymphocytic meningoencephalitis. Death is highly likely to occur in those who do not receive treatment. Trypanosoma brucei produces an aromatic compound called tryptophol, and this induces sleep in humans. Other complications with sleep include irregular patterns of sleep or interrupted sleep, insomnia during the night and sleepiness during the daytime. 1.4. Current problem Current pharmaceutical treatment including intravenous Suramin or Melarsoprol is ineffective and potentially toxic, with patients suffering with neurological dysfunction and post- treatment reactive encephalopathy. Co-administration with eflornithine and nifurtimox has been used to treat T.b.r infection also, but remains somewhat ineffective. Suramin is provided intravenously as the first line treatment for the haemolymphatic stage of T.b.r infection, however this treatment can lead to side effects such as renal failure, peripheral neuropathy and anaphylactic shock, amongst others. It acts by binding to enzymes in the glycosome and disrupts glycolysis within the trypanosome (Babokhov et al., 2013). Should the parasite cross the blood-brain barrier in the later stages of the disease, the treatment options are toxic and limited to the arsenic compound, Melarsoprol, which acts by disrupting trypanosomal redox mechanisms. Treatment with this can lead to further complications such as post-treatment reactive encephalopathy seen in 10% of patients (Palmer Wells, 2012), subsequently causing comas, seizures and cerebral oedema for example. Co-administration of eflornithine with nifurtimox, a hydrazone of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde, has been shown to demonstrate trypanocidal activity, and is routinely used to treat T.b.g. It has shown trypanocidal activity against T.b.b in mice, however has been relatively ineffective against T.b.r. Furthermore, although eflourthrine abides Lipinskis rule of five in theory, in practice it is a highly hydrophobic compound, and is therefore unlikely to cross inner membranes once administered (Gilbert, 2014). It is therefore administered intravenously. Due to there being no self-cure for T.b.r, treatment is required for a recovery to be made. Furthermore, many of the drugs developed are only applicable to bloodstream trypomastigotes, rather than those that have crossed the blood-brain barrier (Palmer Wells, 2012). Factors such as this demonstrate the problematic nature of the disease, as well as the need for alternative therapies to combat the infection. 1.5. Current research Currently, novel treatments are in development with the hope that toxicity is reduced and efficacy is increased against trypanosomal parasites, namely T.b.r and T.b.b. To determine whether a proposed therapeutic compound is likely to be membrane permeable and therefore orally bioavailable, the Lipinskis rule of 5 is applied. To be within the limits of the rule means that the compound is orally bioavailable and easily absorbed by the body (Leeson, P. 2012). The rules state that the molecular weight of the compound must be less than 500 Daltons, the lipophilicity value is less than 5, represented as a LogP value, the number of hydrogen bond acceptors must be less than 10, and the number of hydrogen donators must be less than 5. Hydrogen bond acceptors include highly electronegative atoms not bound to a hydrogen atom and with free electrons on its outer shell, including oxygen and nitrogen. In newer literature, fluorine may be considered and counted as a hydrogen acceptor. This contrasts with a hydrogen bond donor, any atom that donates a hydrogen atom that it is bound to break or form a bond. All novel compounds are assessed under these rules to dete rmine properties involved in pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion). Oral administration is non-invasive, more bioavailable and simpler for patient use, all of which is desirable for a new treatment for T.b.r infection. Furthermore, a compound designed may still be orally bioavailable if a single rule is not adhered to. Benzoxaborole compounds have recently been suggested as a new, novel treatment for Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.r and T.b.g) in vitro, namely SCYX-7158 oxaborole(Jacobs et al., 2011). The orally-active treatment is suggested to have high efficacy for both acute and chronic stages of the disease due to the treatment being permeable to the CNS, and properties such as distribution, metabolism, elimination, absorption and toxicology are apparent in vitro. A viability assay combined different whole cell T. brucei spp.and the novel compound to gain positive results of anti-parasitic activity. This treatment demonstrated concentration-dependency, and most trypanocidal activity came from the first 8 hours of a 24-hour exposure. Furthermore, the irreversibility of trypanocidal activity was noted during a short exposure. In vivo, SCYX-7158 was examined against an infection with T.b.b to monitor passage across the blood-brain barrier, with mice models providing an 80% cure rate over a 7 day-treatmen t. Benzoxaboroles, like hydrazones, have demonstrated anti-cancer, anti-fungal, anti- bacterial, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic properties with a low intrinsic toxicity similar to table salt when decomposed (Liu et al., 2014). This is due to the metabolites of benzoxaboroles being found to be boric acid and oxidative deboronation products, both with very low toxicity. Per Lipinskis law, it is an orally bioavailable drug with very low IC50 values ranging from 0.19 to 1.008 ÂÂ µM, demonstrating high trypanocidal activity in vitro. An IC50 value is value is the inhibitory concentration value at which 50% inhibition of target cells has occurred. It is important when comparing the difference in the potency of compounds. A higher value represents less efficacy, with smaller values representing good trypanocidal activity in this case. It is a pharmacokinetic parameter, measuring the relationship between drug target and drug. Other research at the forefront include the development of hydrazone compounds of 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde and adamantine alkanohydrazine (Foscolos et al., 2016). Adamantine and derivatives have been previously shown to have trypanocidal activity, increasing for the more hydrophobic, phenyl and cyclohexyl substituents. These compounds and derivatives demonstrated good trypanocidal activity, approximately 20 times greater than nifurtimox. The lowest IC50 value obtained was 0.386 ÂÂ µM. Following the same study, it was found that in the absence of the nitro group, no trypanocidal activity was demonstrated, highlighting the trypanosomal nitro reductase mechanism these novel compounds work by. In terms of the structure-activity relationship, it was seen that the selectivity of compounds against T. brucei species increased when the distance between the carbonyl group and the adamantine skeleton was increased, with derivatives containing 3-cyclopentyl and 3-phenyl being more biologically active than other compounds. In conjunction, the lipophilicity and conformational structure contributed to the efficacy of these novel compounds, with increased lipophilicity and conformational flexibility promoting trypanocidal activity. 1.6. Aims of research Better pharmaceutical treatments with high efficacy and less lethal side-effects are drastically needed for T.b.r infection. Current research demonstrates the potential use of hydrazone compounds and derivatives in combatting parasitic infections, amongst others. Guidance from project supervisor Dr A Bhambra was given throughout the project regarding the structures of compounds. Hydrazones are defined as having the structure R1R2C = NNH2, the N=H bond is conjugated with a lone pair of electrons on the functional nitrogen atom (Verma et al. 2014). Research suggests hydrazone compounds also demonstrate anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-HIV properties, signifying biological variety and the potential to treat other diseases (Verma et al., 2014). It is because of these properties that new hydrazone compounds are in development, with the aim of synthesising novel compounds which demonstrate similar properties when applied against Trypanosoma brucei infection, and hence a potential the rapeutic for T.b.r. 2.1. Chemistry/ experimental synthesis The synthesis of four novel hydrazone compounds of reactants A-D and Pentafluorophenyl hydrazine (PFH) (Figure 3) was performed. All solvents and reactants were commercially available. Reflux condensation reactions with relevant reactant (3 mmol) and PFH (3 mmol) were performed, with continuous heating (oil bath) and stirring of compounds at 100-150 ÂÂ °C approximately. Compounds were separated with ethyl acetate (60 ml) and distilled water (50 ml). Excess magnesium sulphate was added to remove any excess water and products were vacuum filtered. Recrystallization reactions with boiling ethanol (10 ml approximately) not in excess were performed, and compounds were vacuumed down to give final compounds. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis was performed for all compounds throughout the stages of experiment to monitor the constituents of the final product. Prior to NMR analysis, compounds were dissolved in chloroform (800 ÂÂ µL) with exception of HD6 (with reactant D), dis solved in DMSO (400 ÂÂ µL). 2.2. Biological Screening Analysis Further viability tests were carried out to assess the trypanocidal activity of each compound. Compounds were sent to the London School of Tropical Medicine for biological screening analysis against T.b.b. Stock drug solutions were prepared in DMSO at 20 mg/ml and further diluted appropriately. All assays were performed with use of 96-well microtiter plates, each well containing 100 ÂÂ µL of parasite culture, and serial dilutions of the compound in triplicate. Wells were incubated at 37ÂÂ °C for 72 hrs in 5% CO2. Control wells contained no compound, and blanks consisted of medium only. Following this, the MIC was determined and assurance of growth in control wells. 20 ÂÂ µL of Alamar Blue was added to wells, and plates were incubated for 2-4 hrs more. Plates were read on Gemini Plate Reader with an excitation wavelength of 530 nm and emission wavelength of 580 nm. Following this, IC50 values were obtained. Four novel hydrazone compounds were synthesised, shown in table 1. The electrophilic carbonyl group of appropriate reactants A-D reacted with the nucleophilic nitrogen (hydrazine portion) of PFH by nucleophilic addition. IC50 values gained demonstrated potential, especially HD1 and HD6. Proton NMR analytical results from spectra obtained are demonstrated below, showing the amount of hydrogens (or protons) in each compound as well as their corresponding intensities. Throughout synthesis, TLC was performed for each compound to visualize the two reactants, the formed product and any other substance that may be present. Rf values and appropriate TLC analysis results are illustrated in alongside compounds in table 1. 3.1. HD1 Beige crystals (50% yield); ÃŽÂ ´H (CDCl3) 7.28 (1H, s), 7.32-7.42 (3H, m), 7.64 (2H, dd), 7.82 (1H, s). 3.2. HD4 Pink crystals (50% yield) ÃŽÂ ´H (CDCl3) 7.30 (2H, s), 7.35 (1H, s), 7.45-7.50 (1H, m), 7.62 (1H, s), 7.73 (1H, s). 3.3. HD5 Beige crystals (H (CDCl3) 7.32-7.38 (3H, s), 7.54-7.60 (2H, d), 7.78 (1H, m). 3.4. HD6 Red crystals (H (CDCl3) 7.37 (1H, s), 7.45 (2H, s), 7.70 (2H, s). 3.5. Biological screening analysis Results obtained from the London School of Tropical Medicine included IC50 values for all hydrazones synthesised. These are listed alongside appropriate compounds in table 1. HD1 had an IC50 value of 9.29 ÂÂ µM; HD4 34.37 ÂÂ µM; HD5 34.09 ÂÂ µM and HD6 16.18 ÂÂ µM. Formation of all compounds HD1, HD4, HD5 and HD6 (table 1) followed the general mechanism illustrated in appendix 1. R1 should be substituted with relevant reactant (A-D) benzene rings. Electrophilic reactants accept free pairs of electrons from the nucleophilic nitrogen atom of PFH by nucleophilic addition. The formation of a biologically active centre was documented (Verma, 2014). All compounds synthesised contain phenyl groups, which has been suggested in literature to promote trypanocidal activity (Foscolos et al., 2016). Hydrazones synthesised are also non-polar and hydrophobic compounds, meaning that they carry no net charge and are not soluble in water. Furthermore, an increase in hydrophobicity also promotes trypanocidal activity, however has been suggested to make the compound less bioavailable (Gilbert et al., 2014). Proton NMR spectra demonstrate relative intensities in parts per million (ppm) of protons or hydrogens in the compound. Despite only hydrogens being of interest, it is important to consider the other electronegative groups that exist within the compound such as phenyl groups or -OH groups, which produce different peaks. The solvent peak demonstrates as a sharp, well distinguished peak to exclude it from the compound results. Singlet, doublet and Name Reactant Structure IC50 value (ÂÂ µM) TLC (illustrated- not to scale) Rf value (cm) HD1 Benzaldehyde (reactant A) 9.29 0.73 HD4 3-chlorobenzaldehyde (reactant B) 34.37 0.48 HD5 4-chlorobenzaldehyde (reactant C) 34.09 0.43 HD6 3,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde (reactant D) 16.42 0.57 multiplet peaks were all demonstrated on the spectra. NMR analysis reflects the structures synthesised, confirming the number and positioning of hydrogens. The spectra observed demonstrated some sharp peaks and others more broad. Furthermore, some peaks were somewhat distorted due to the presence of chlorine on the aromatic benzene ring. Limitations of the experimental synthesis included low yields obtained from synthesised hydrazones. This could have been possibly due to the recrystallization step or some of the reactants not converting into product. Factors such as this could have been improved to gain better results. In addition, yields were estimated due to not weighing compounds beforehand, therefore weighing the compounds when they were initially synthesised would improve the data. 4.1. HD1 From the NMR spectra, HD1 contained 7 hydrogen atoms, one at 7.28 ppm as a singlet peak, three at 7.32 7.42 ppm as a mutliplet peak, two at 7.64 ppm as a doublet peak and one hydrogen at 7.82 ppm as a singlet peak. All novel compounds synthesised differ in terms of the aromatic benzene ring on the relevant reactants, therefore the positioning and amount of chlorine attached to this aromatic ring demonstrates the difference in IC50 values. This coincides with the biological activity against T.b.b. HD1 is formed of benzaldehyde and PFH, and therefore does not possess any chlorine atoms. The IC50 values were the lowest for HD1 at 9.29ÂÂ µM, which suggests that the presence of chlorine in the compound may decrease trypanocidal activity. 4.2. HD4 HD4 contained six hydrogen atoms, two at 7.30 ppm as a singlet peak, one hydrogen at 7.35 ppm as a singlet peak, one hydrogen at 7.45-7.50 ppm as a multiplet peak and a one hydrogen as a singlet peak at 7.73 ppm. HD4 contained a chlorine group on the 3rd carbon of the reactant benzene ring, with displacement of chlorine by (bio)nucleophiles, facilitated by the electrophilic carbon centre determining biological properties observed. However, it has been suggested that the presence of a chlorine atom at a non-reactive aromatic double bond diminishes reactivity (Naumann, 2003). The IC50 value for HD4 was 34.37 ÂÂ µM, the highest value from all the compounds synthesised. This supports the notion that chlorine atoms present in the compound reduces trypanocidal activity rather than improving it. 4.3. HD5 HD5 also contained six hydrogens, with three hydrogens at 7.32 7.38 ppm in a singlet peak, 2 hydrogens at 7.54 7.60 ppm in a doublet peak, and one hydrogen at 7.78 ppm in a multiplet peak. HD5 also contained a chlorine atom but on the forth carbon of the benzene ring, as opposed to the third. Altering the position of the chlorine atom did allow for an improved IC50 value to be obtained, which was 34.09 ÂÂ µM. This however remains much less effective than HD1. 4.4. HD6 HD6 contained five hydrogen atoms, one at 7.37 ppm as a singlet peak, one at 7.35 ppm as a singlet peak, two at 7.45 ppm in a singlet peak, and 2 hydrogens at 7.70 ppm in a singlet peak. Despite the presence of chlorine in both HD4 and HD5 causing less effective activity against T.b.b, HD6 contained two chlorine atoms attached to the benzene ring, and the IC50 value obtained was nearly half that of HD4 and HD5 at 16.18 ÂÂ µM. This suggests that the presence of one chlorine atom existing at any carbon on the benzene ring does not promote trypanocidal activity, however the presence of 2 attached chlorine atoms did aid activity. 4.5. Oral bioavailability Per Lipinskis rule of 5, all novel compounds fall within the laws except from HD1, which contains 6 hydrogen bond donors. HD1 therefore would be more bioavailable if administered intravenously, however may still be orally bioavailable as only one rule has been violated, with the rest all being adhered to. Despite this, the other novel compounds alone demonstrate progression in seeking an orally bioavailable treatment for HAT, linked with reducing toxicity amongst being easier and more accessible for those who require it. Furthermore, the use of PFH incorporates many fluorine atoms, which increases lipophilicity (Citation), increasing activity in vivo, as well as increasing fat solubility and therefore allowing the compounds to easily pass through membranes in the body. Retaining fluorine is a desirable property due to the improvement of metabolic stability as a result of the high strength C-F bond. It is a relatively small molecule, with a high electronegativity value. All properties such as this contribute to biological responses within the body. 4.6. Comparison to literature IC50 values HD1 and HD6 demonstrated the most promising results of 9.29 and 16.18 ÂÂ µM. For comparison intentions, alternative novel therapies at the forefront of science such as adamantine alkanohydrazine hydrazones and benzoxaborole SCYX-7158 have IC50 values of 0.386ÂÂ µM and 0.19 to 1.008ÂÂ µM respectively (Foscolos et al., 2016; Jacobs et al., 2011). Although the results from the synthesised compounds are promising and suggest trypanocidal activity against Trypanosoma brucei, both SCYX-7158 and the adamantine alkanohydrazine hydrazones have much lower IC50 values, suggesting that the structures of novel compounds could be improved and altered to gain better trypanocidal activity. Furthermore, current treatment Melarsoprol and Suramin have IC50 values of 0.046 and 0.004-0.009 ÂÂ µM, much lower than the compounds synthesised (Torreele et al., 2010). However, as stated above, these treatments offer high toxicity and high mortality rates following administration, and the fa ct that the novel compounds synthesised (HD1 especially) have low IC50 values remains promising. Furthermore, both Suramin and Melarsoprol are administered intravenously, posing more problems in terms of accessibility as developing countries where the disease is endemic possibly do not possess the facilities to administer treatment. This is unlike the synthesised hydrazone compounds, which all theoretically can be administered orally, therefore moving towards better treatment and management of T.b.r infection. HD4 and HD5 demonstrate lower trypanocidal activity than HD1 and HD6, therefore further progression on HD1 especially would allow for potentially more effective trypanocidal compounds, represented by lower IC50 values upon testing. Furthermore, new compounds in other literature with the highest trypanocidal activity, namely 5-nitro-2-furaldehyde and adamantine alkanohydrazine hydrazones and benzoxaboroles, provide a platform for future work and development of structural analogues of hydrazones to promote trypanocidal activity. To confirm that the novel compounds synthesised are in fact effective against T.b.r, further testing is required in a controlled level 3 laboratory where the p

Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers

Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’ Connor’s story: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the tale of a vacation gone wrong. The tone of this story is set to be one irony. The story is filled with grotesque but meaningful irony. I this analysis I will guide you through the clues provided by the author, which in the end climax to the following lesson: â€Å"A Good Man† is not shown good by outward appearance, language, thinking, but by a life full of â€Å"good† actions. The story begins with the grandmother trying to persuade the family not to travel towards Florida but perhaps go to Tennessee instead. This is based on the grounds that â€Å"the Misfit†, a escaped criminal is on the loose somewhere in Florida. The Ironic part of this is that the grandmother is the only family member to conceive of bad things happening to the family. She bases this solely on the fact that they were traveling in the same direction as the Misfit. This negative thinking quite possibly could have led to the eventual rendezvous between the convict and the family. The following day the family heads off to Florida. Another major point of irony happens as the story revolves around the grandmothers traditional southern values of respect for other people; especially elders, respect for your home and country. At the same moment as the grandmother is lecturing her grand kids about respecting their home state she sees a young Negro boy and says: â€Å"Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!† (Pg 208). Her hypocrisy becomes evident as she wants the family to do what she says not what she does. It’s when the family gets ready to stop for barbecued sandwiches at Famous Sam’s the first of the Symbolism is the story starts to take shape. Before they reach ... ...nd shot Grandmother pleads and bargains with â€Å"The Misfit†. This plea-bargaining draws to a climax when the Grandmother says â€Å"Why, your one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder.†(218) This stirs something in â€Å"the misfit† and he snaps back and shoots her. The irony at the end of this story is very interesting. O’ Connor forces the reader to wonder which characters are â€Å"Good Men†, perhaps by the end of the story she is trying to convey two points: first, that a discerning â€Å"Good Man† can be very difficult, second that a manipulative, self centered, and hollow character: The Grandmother is a devastating way to be, both for a person individually and for everyone else around them. The reader is at least left wondering if some or all of the clues to irony I provided apply in some way to the outcome of this story. Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Essay -- essays papers Irony in a Good Man is Hard to Find Flannery O’ Connor’s story: â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† is the tale of a vacation gone wrong. The tone of this story is set to be one irony. The story is filled with grotesque but meaningful irony. I this analysis I will guide you through the clues provided by the author, which in the end climax to the following lesson: â€Å"A Good Man† is not shown good by outward appearance, language, thinking, but by a life full of â€Å"good† actions. The story begins with the grandmother trying to persuade the family not to travel towards Florida but perhaps go to Tennessee instead. This is based on the grounds that â€Å"the Misfit†, a escaped criminal is on the loose somewhere in Florida. The Ironic part of this is that the grandmother is the only family member to conceive of bad things happening to the family. She bases this solely on the fact that they were traveling in the same direction as the Misfit. This negative thinking quite possibly could have led to the eventual rendezvous between the convict and the family. The following day the family heads off to Florida. Another major point of irony happens as the story revolves around the grandmothers traditional southern values of respect for other people; especially elders, respect for your home and country. At the same moment as the grandmother is lecturing her grand kids about respecting their home state she sees a young Negro boy and says: â€Å"Oh look at the cute little pickaninny!† (Pg 208). Her hypocrisy becomes evident as she wants the family to do what she says not what she does. It’s when the family gets ready to stop for barbecued sandwiches at Famous Sam’s the first of the Symbolism is the story starts to take shape. Before they reach ... ...nd shot Grandmother pleads and bargains with â€Å"The Misfit†. This plea-bargaining draws to a climax when the Grandmother says â€Å"Why, your one of my babies. You’re one of my own children!† â€Å"She reached out and touched him on the shoulder.†(218) This stirs something in â€Å"the misfit† and he snaps back and shoots her. The irony at the end of this story is very interesting. O’ Connor forces the reader to wonder which characters are â€Å"Good Men†, perhaps by the end of the story she is trying to convey two points: first, that a discerning â€Å"Good Man† can be very difficult, second that a manipulative, self centered, and hollow character: The Grandmother is a devastating way to be, both for a person individually and for everyone else around them. The reader is at least left wondering if some or all of the clues to irony I provided apply in some way to the outcome of this story.

The Court Martial of Billy Mitchell Essay -- essays research papers

The Court Martial of Billy Mitchell General William â€Å"Billy† Mitchell of the U.S. Army – Air Corp was a forward thinking officer who saw a need for the military to create an Air Force as a separate branch within the military structure. General Mitchell could foresee that technological advances would make air warfare an integral part of combat power in future operations. The military heirarchy, however, did not agree with his assessment. The heirarchy of the military put limitations on his abilities to prove his ideas. They did this by not providing proper funding to keep the aircraft they had in working order, and setting General Mitchell up for failure with testing standards in which they set the requirements.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Billy Mitchell faced many challenges in his desire to creat an â€Å"Air Force† within the U.S. Armed Forces. He had to gain support from the Army, Navy, and congressional leaders – many of whom thought air warfare was still more a carnival attraction than a viable option for our nation’s defense. He also needing funding as the equipment the Air Service had was obsolete and often in disrepair, causing several wrecks and costing service members lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The military structure were adamantly against a separate â€Å"Air Force†. Both the Army and Navy were worried about sharing their limited budgets with yet another entity. They also worried that another force structure would take away from their pool of possible soldiers and sailors. They reasoned that Naval s...

Judicial Process of the Supreme Court Essay -- American Government, Su

Nature’s Judicial Process in the Supreme Court consists of decision-making; based on the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Although the Supreme Court has the capability to decide all extended cases; it also has the power to ascend under the Constitution, which allows the Supreme Court its jurisdiction in the Judicial Branch of government. The Judicial Process interpret the laws that are established in the Supreme Court; thus, allowing the Court to exercise its power by shifting its system under the Constitutional laws of the United States. Throughout the Supreme Court, many cases have been rejected and are deposed of, but the Supreme Court approves only certain cases. Thus, the Supreme Court reconciles the issue of that specific case, which is then obtained and written by the Chief Justice of the Court as the final conclusion. Cases that are controversial result in great effect in the Supreme Court. For instance, Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 was one of the most controversial cases that the Supreme Court had to resolve; it violated the Equal Protection clause of the fourteenth Amendment. The case that violated an individual right was the case of Gideon vs. Wainwright in 1963, which violated the Sixth Amendment in a criminal case for the defendant. The case of Miranda vs. Arizona in 1966 is another controversial case that the Supreme Court had to base its judgment in order to have the individuals rights read to them due to the violation of the Fifth Amendment. Cases that are controversial have set many concerns throughout the judicial process of the Supreme Court; therefore, the progress of the people in the Judicial Branch was recognized to appreciate how far the Court has advanced and how superior in power the ... ...s considered to be encroachments to the Amendment and the Constitution. When Miranda was not told of his right to silence when asked by an officer, sparked the controversial case that convicted him of violating the Constitution even though the rights of Miranda was never read to him. Despite the fact of his rights, Miranda’s case is an issue that the Supreme Court has not faced yet. However, the case is controversial since one’s right is not informed, so in the Warren Court the affirmation of a criminal was to have his rights read despite being a criminal. If the obtainment of any items that are evident will be confiscated illegally since the right has not been addressed, so the evidence is not valid for the officer to obtain. During the time of the case, the decision was thought to cause more than controversy, but allowing criminals to set foot out of prison.

Handling Multicultural Environment Essay

Any single culture is multidimensional, and in this time of globalization, people belonging to various cultures are sharing common workplace where they are bound to interact with one another. This situation certainly calls for a thorough training on cultural competency for all members of any multicultural organization, and especially for the managers who have the job to unify all employees’ aims and aspirations with the goals of their company. Such a task is easier said than done; as there is plethora of instances where cultural difference has shattered the dreams of the company. However, there is no dearth of opposite instances too, where successful implementation of multicultural philosophy has brought in sustainable competitive advantage for the companies. In either way, this state of affairs substantiates the importance of seriously considering â€Å"organization as culture† and adopting right steps to achieve the status of a true-blue multicultural organization. With this point of view, this paper explores how the organizations can impart quality training to their managers, besides evaluating the efficacy of the established theories/ideas on this issue, before reaching its own conclusion. Multicultural Environment Any workplace comprising of employees from more than one culture can be called a multicultural organization. Here the word â€Å"culture† contains several interpretation, though in general, it speak about a package of perception, belief and acquired behavioral process, containing elements like â€Å"learned and shared values, beliefs and behaviors to a particular group of people† (Yamashita, 2004). On the other hand, multiculturalism is a â€Å"Doctrine asserting value of different cultures coexisting within single society; globally, vision of cultural diversity deliberately fostered and protected† (Globalization, 2000). In plain words, it is a concept of aligning various cultures to serve a common purpose. Common Problems in Multicultural Environment Problems occur when cultural difference and consequently, difference in perception about a particular issue/act/custom/or policy stands between the individuals or groups. Such situations can occur anytime at any multicultural set up, which can begin with little differences like meaning of a word, eating habits, or religious practice, whatever, and that can fuel a bigger set of difference, if not timely diffused. For example, the word, â€Å"monkey† contains hint of racism in some parts of the world, while it is only a simple definition of primate in the other. Now if someone from that special part of the world is called a monkey, s/he might react furiously, no matter how innocent the caller is. Understandably, such channel noises , are the outcome of one’s ignorance about others’ culture. Specific Problems in Multicultural Environment This takes place when cultural difference puts spanner in the process of work. This too, can emerge out of various situations like managers’ or employees’ biases about their culture, or from ignorance about â€Å"what means what†. It is not uncommon for a manager to find difficulty in catering a multicultural audience at one go, if some of the members do not understand managers’ spoken language, or their idioms sound idiotic to their ears. This again points towards the importance of grooming to the tune of multicultural philosophy. Theories for Help No matter how much humans developed their science and technology, they are yet to discover a device that would be able to interpret one’s thought for another. It is for this reason, the age-old art and science of effective communication still works wonders for every sphere of life and it is in fact the oxygen of any multicultural organization. Thus it would be pertinent to mention about two such theories out of many, to explain how theories can save the day for the managers of multicultural organizations. What these theories do is, they form the foundation of understanding among humans, which is the prime condition to rise above any cultural biases and to accept the fact that humans are all equal at their basements. ERG Theory This is an improvised version of Abraham Maslow’s (1908-1970) famous model of Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow’s, 2008), created by Clayton Alderfer after prolonged research, which adds more flexibility in determining the needs of an individual, which it does by reorienting the elements from Maslow’s model into three segments like Existence (E) – It involves physiological and safety needs. Relatedness (R) – It contains social and external esteem needs. Growth (G) – Self-actualization and internal esteem needs. (ERG, 2007). Clayton’s model allows to set the order of needs according to the existing need structure of an employee, besides providing the scope to pursue different needs simultaneously. Accordingly, company can motivate any individual on any of the E, R or G needs – while looking after an individual’s E need (say, where an employee needs a safety measure), the company can look after the same individual’s R needs (like awarding her for her achievement) and G needs (inducting the individual in the think tank of the department). Expectancy Value Theory Founded by Martin Fishbein in the 1970-s, suggesting that people â€Å"mould themselves to the world in accordance with their expectations/beliefs and evaluations† (Expectancy, 2004). This serves as a pointer to the fact that behavior or behavioral intentions or attitudes evolve out of expectancy and evaluation, where the expectancy is an idea about a situation or object and evaluation is one’s estimation about the impact of that idea/situation/object on any plane. Theories Groom Vision  If the entire team of a workplace can adopt a vision in the light of the Expectancy Value Theory, where they would ‘expect’ that they are devoted to the collective goal. Once armed with this vision, the following areas of communication would definitely take a new turn as the outcome of reorientation of one’s approach to the world: Intrapersonal communication: The vision would make the employee think like â€Å"I’m attached to an important organ of the society and thus I have more responsibility to meet its expectations†. Communication with clients: The vision will make the employees more patient and taking interest in communicating with clients belonging to another culture. Team Communication: There would be less conflict of ego or other minor areas of personal interests, as the greater cause will influence all members to align their approach towards the perceived goal (achieving high standards of service).

Michelle and the Wedding Essay

She had been drift in and discover of consciousness in the way only a functional manhood or woman could. spending most of her days tap-tap-tapping forward on a keyboard had taken its toll on her, and her attention span was direct at the steer up w here(predicate) she spent most of the good by and bynoon doing the open-eyed sleep that most point workers have meliorateed. She snapped out of it in gondolatridge clip to pull in the com doer clock celluloid to 510.Damn she swore to herself. She knew she was going to be late at this rate. Hurriedly she threw her things into her bag, grabbing her keys and earph one(a) and only(a) and hammering on the keyboard with a shadowed hope that it would shut the computer downcast faster. Sadly, the outburst of violence beted only to perplex the computer, causing it to dot out a long series of beeps. Guiltily, Michelle stood adventure and calmed herself down, hoping aught truism or heard what she did.after what felt like for ever it fin all(prenominal)y shut down. Breathing a suspire of relief she grabbed her bag and in one deft movement swept her coat onto her back, exchanging the bag between hands in a fluent split second, end with the bag on her shoulder. She smiled to herself she knew that Phil would have seen it, and knew how affect he would be. How impressed he endlessly was, in fact. She knew he had a vex on her, and he probably knew she was informed of that.She ever took it lightly though. Everyone knew how happy she was with Jason. not that anybody could blame him for liking her though. She was, when she wasnt dozing, the liveness of the move outice she knew everybody by first, last, and nickname, and was always chatting or making jokes. She was beautiful too, in that location was no denying that. With long brown fuzz contrastive with large blue eyeball, she was a congenial change from the office bimbo. Her straight hair framed the side of her compositors case, and added an acc ent to her strident and swell up carved features. She was at the perfect height between tall fair to middling to talk to properly, further small abundant to annul an awkward posture. She was slim with an acrobatic body, and always wore clothes that seemed plain heretofore so pretty. Her skirt was never too short, her clothe never too low, and the effect of this was a perception of wanting to see oft measure. nonexistence ever did though, she was far too connect to Jason.Or she would be, were she not running late. Fortunately, as she burst out onto the stairway, he seemed to be late too. She slowed down a twist as she always did on the stairs. non for safety reasons in fact, she always on the QT hoped shed fall so she could assert compensation only if because the stairs had massive windows spanning two of the walls. She loved the view of the urban center at night. The far off way lights and headlamps glistened against the crystal-like windows, and the sky was a tranquil icteric with large pitiful c barefaceds with glowing edges victorious their mysterious formations for the night. No stars were out yet, but the moon was showing between the c chintzys, skirt by light.She snapped out of her daydream again. fastness down the remaining steps, she was already unwieldy for her keys. Stepping out of the building after byword goodbye to the security guard, she pulled her coat up roughly her neck. It was a bitter low temperature night, and the clouds above had given birth to a fine mist that hung over the car park, making it herculean to breath and hard to see.She reached the car and unlocked it. It wasnt hers she never drove since her accident a some years back. She sat, tempted to turn on the heating, but she decided against it in favour of having golden cheeks ready for Jason. Just as she was idea that rosy was all very well and good, but blue and blotchy wasnt, the opening opened and in a blue-belly movement he was in the car.S he always felt out of breath when she saw him. He was tall, dark, and handsome. His eyes were deep and dark and his hair was short and rough looking. His organization was well formed, loose him a wide smile that spread from his mouth to his ears. He was fairly tall at 6 foot, but he was well built and strong, with just a hint of vigour under his shirt. His lightly tanned uncase glistened with condensation from the mist outside. He put out an arm and pulled Michelle close as he planted a embrace on her forehead.Sorry Im late, he said meekly, as a grin flashed across his face again. The boss held me back, refused to let me goThats fine she responded, trying to fight back a similar smile. Ive been here since five, though. You need to tell your boss where to nonplus itShe couldnt hold the lie, and she laughed out loud with the last comment. She didnt know why she was so giggly with him. It was as if she was a boor again. Jason was the same though. He was very mount up and pati ent, but he was very infantile at heart. He was definitely the scoop out of both worlds. She was the happiest she had ever been. When he had popped the macro question four years ago, presenting a large diamond ring, she had almost fainted with joy. The nuptials day was in a hebdomads time, and they were going to go see about renting a dinner jacket for him.Sadly, that was cut short. Due to the pair of them macrocosm late, the city centre was brimming with battalion and the stores were doing their best to close on time. olfactory modality a little dismayed, they headed stem. Michelle was cursing to herself. She had essay so many measure to ramp up this journey, as had Jason, but they never seemed to be able to get to the stores. Listening to hands In Black on the radio, she smiled to herself as she made a mental pedigree that irony is a cruel thing.During attached days lunch tick she went to the smaller town centre to plunge up her spousals party localise. She had selected the perfect one before she had even been proposed to, shortly after her best friends wedding. It was a magnificent place. The train was long and frilly, and the dress itself felt and looked silky. It was covered by a fine layer of lace, and the gabardine was so bright it was practically radiant.Michelle felt sparingly disheartened when her name didnt seem to be down for collection. Well, she was disheartened in a shout and scream loud swear words and start tearfully stamping kind of way. After the young buy at assistant managed to calm her (by pointing her towards the coffee machine) the omnibus had sorted everything out. Her dress looked even more beautiful than before.She phoned her boss and told her she wouldnt be in for the rest of the day. Well, she had to try the dress on, didnt she? Indeed she did, and as she danced around the living fashion when she first got home the urge was getting stronger and stronger. She decided to fall upon a drink first it had been a tough day. She made up her instill of coffee and gravel it on the agency of drawers in the front room, and go into the bedroom to try the dress on.She looked fabulous. The whiteness of the dress blended immaculately with her blench complexion, and as she ran her fingers along the surface of the fabric it shimmered with a silky glow. She heard a knock on the door thatd be Emily, her best friend, to see the dress. She ran unhinged out into the living room, having completely forgot that she set the mug up on the thorax of drawers just outside the roomShe had booked the next day off of work to meet up with the wedding contriver. She spent the best part of ternary hours sat in an unfriendly feeling office whilst having various cards and brochures throw at her. The defense mechanism she had hone throughout her professional life kicked in, and her eyes glazed over as she started to daydream.She started by wondering what the wedding planner was giving her all these things for . Surely the whole point of a wedding planner is to avoid the brochure flipping? Deep inside, she cursed all wedding planners into a large cage, which she thusly dropped off a large cliff. Unfortunately, there was one which had not been able to ascertain inside the cave, but this one readily had his clothes torn off by a ferocious bear. He had a willy in the shape of a hoggs tail.She laughed, startling the wedding planner and herself so much that the two of them jumped out of their seats. The planner quickly replaced her look of box with her familiar scowl, and said in a tone similar to that used to qualify young puppies said Since you seem to play the fact that this churches graveyard is a eccentric thing, I suppose you wont be put off by a feeling of death at your wedding.Trying hard to hide her grin, now bought on merely by the epinephrin rush she had when she startled herself, she simply nodded. At this point, after something going wrong every single time she tried to stage anything, she just wanted the wedding to go ahead and didnt care how much death, tuxedos, or indeed people attended. She didnt even care if Jason was in a cheap Tesco suit or that she had to in haste form a white sweetness of flowers to cover the large coffee imperfection on her dress.The waiting room was a small and grotty place. Michelle never enjoyed academic term there the padding was thin on the seats, and her bum always felt sore. She overly had a habit of going away on another daydream. Not that that was much(prenominal) a bad thing though she would far rather be degraded away with neon spaceships than sat with increasingly numbing buttocks. Sipping at a shape of lukewarm water, she tapped her feet on the floor, nodding her head along with the resulting rhythm.She was so caught up in her thoughts and tapping that she didnt even notice the man run in and shoot the wedding planner, before setting fire to the office.She didnt bat an eyelid when the sirens wailed, a nd the shocked bystanders looked in as she sat in a burning room, surrounded by flames, tapping her feet in time to nonexistent music.She didnt even cast a glance towards the yelling policeman and fireman, whilst the flames climbed slowly up her mail and legs. She didnt even flinch when a beam fell from the ceiling, exploding into a strangely attractive shower of sparks.She didnt care, because shed been there so many times before.Michelle woke up. She was sweating, she was breathing heavily and she was shaking, but she didnt cry. She didnt let out any screams. She sat up slowly, her head brimming. She had so many thoughts racing around, it was hard to turn out what she was thinking. She walked slowly towards the room of her cell, and make weakly at the padding as she had done so many times before.Part of her was sobbing silently inside, wail for Jason even though four years had passed since he was hurled through the windscreen of her car, enlivened like a rag doll down the ro cky and hilly terrain of Norway.Outside, the workers at Dorsetshire County Asylum started preparing for the day shift.